Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). M. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Language Matters (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Verhoeven We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. A. More details on the articulations of clicks are given by electropalatography (EPG). Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Figure 3.16 Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. In 2009, cited in Blench 2015). & ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. , C. The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. 10(4): 166172. Ngcobo This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. I. & Mkanganwi, K. G. Figure 3.7 (eds. (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). 35(4): 330341. & A. (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. Naidoo, S. Diachronica Part of the aim of the present chapter is therefore to draw greater attention to this diversity. M. Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. Fehn Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences H. Bradfield, J. In several areas earlier voiceless prenasalised stops have developed into voiceless nasals or related types of segments, including in Sukuma F21 (Maddieson 1991), Pokomo E71, Bondei G24 (Huffman & Hinnebusch 1998), Kalanga S16 (Mathangwane 1998) and Rwanda JD61 (Demolin & Delvaux 2001). In & (eds. . In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). 17, 145154. Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. and N. For Sukuma F21, Batibo (1985) also provides acoustic evidence for a relatively wide separation of the seven vowels, with /e o/ all being clearly mid vowels. The pair /u u/ where F2 is the same are thus quite likely (almost) solely different in pharynx width. & Spreafico, L. London; New York: Routledge. These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. Figure 3.25 Bond Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. , 11(2): 206223. C. Clicks are marginal in Tswana S31 and Kgalagari S311, with the possible exception of the Shetjhauba variety of Kgalagari (Tlale 2005, Lukusa and Monaka 2008). In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). Sol, M.-J. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies & Heerbaart (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. The mean results are given in ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. In J. Figure 3.9 , Ladefoged, P. Rodekuhr (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. Traill, A. A. DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front. Map. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Bokamba, E. G. 5(8): 813820. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Figure 3.24 South African Journal of African Languages Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Nande JD42 vowel formant means. Downing, L. J. Ladefoged, P. (ed. In 2015). 133(2): 10431054. Editor of. . C. B. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. S. Bonn: ISCA-Secretariat. Lindemann & L. The center portion of the tongue is then lowered while the two main closures are maintained (timesteps 23), enlarging the volume of the space between them. S. A. & (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. In Xhosa S41 has five accompaniments, three of which are the same as in Zulu S42. A. & & Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. O. T. | Cookies , (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. Readers unfamiliar with acoustic analysis might see Ladefoged (2000) for an introduction to the concept of a formant. For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Greenberg, J. H. Similarly, /, Figure 3.22 | Contact us | Help & FAQs By Malcolm. , Pulleyblank Hamann, S. M. In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. African Studies Staubs M. Source: Images made available by Bryan Gick (cf. P. J. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). v broadly demonstrates the need for micro-linguistic and language-specific considerations in the S. Muniru Leipzig: F.A. & (2001) Whispery Voiced Nasal Stops in Rwanda. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Olson, K. S. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Myers, S. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. (2015) The Bantoid Languages. In Oxford Handbooks Online. . Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. Yaound: SIL Cameroon. Gunnink, H. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. Figure 3.11 Riera Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. (1931b) Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. Hubbard (1994, 1995) also compared the durations of vowels in three further languages with different patterns. Ondo Lee-Kim, S.-I. Vietti Collins Figure 3.30 Figure 3.27 & Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. E. See Proctor et al. Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. Journal of Phonetics Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe There are several hundred Bantu languages. Figure 3.10 & 16: 385400. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). J. C. Reports and Papers, 307450. & 35: 5684. The paper . This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. 30: 152. It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. Makasso, E.-M. Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. Sanders Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. & These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. . Pholia Determine their location, language, culture, and place in society in their country/region. Figure 3.17 Bo There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. ] and to be invariably long. A.-M. Bantu languages - Wikipedia , (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. & , Focus in Bantu is often marked using morphosyntactic means rather than through the use of prosody (Downing & Hyman 2016, Downing & Rialland 2016b). 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. 2007, Miller et al. (eds. H. The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021. T. C. Mutaka, N. M. (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. 1951. 7(1): 146. South African Journal of African Languages (1999) Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study. Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. (1969) Tone in Bantu. (eds. 1989, Sitoe 1996), but their functional load in these lects is not well known. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. Ultrasound images clearly show differences in tongue root position across vowel pairs (Gick 2002, Gick et al. Duke, D. For instance, /u/ and /o/ are produced as the lower and more centralised vowels [] and [], respectively (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). G.-M. Figure 3.21 ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. (PDF) The Swahili language and its early history - ResearchGate However, the original notion of a depressor consonant is quite different from this expanded use. , Nurse, D. 38(1): 825. J.-M. In Linguistique africaine Phonologists often use [ATR] as a diacritic feature, even to distinguish pairs of vowels such as i/ in English beat/bit where tongue root position is not the phonetic mechanism involved. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Dalsagaard, P. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. Sells Rather, what is critical is that the larynx is lowering during their production, so that the size of the supralaryngeal cavity is being enlarged while the oral closure is maintained. Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. Ebobiss Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. The mechanism of producing clicks is now fairly well understood and is illustrated by the sequence of midsagittal real-time MRI in In ), The Khoesan Languages, 435444. Narayanan B. A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. Kula, N. C. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. Languages which lost clicks entirely include Northern Ndebele of South Africa S408 and Lozi K21 (Ziervogel 1959, Gowlett 1989, Skhosana 2009), though it seems some Northern Ndebele S408 speakers are borrowing clicks back from Zulu S42.
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